Street food and child labor : reality on the beaches of Salvador , Bahia , Brazil

The objective of this study was to describe the reality of children and teenagers working as street food vendors on the beaches of Salvador, and to uncover the social, economic, and sanitary aspects of their work. This cross-sectional study administered semi-structured questionnaires to 275 street food vendors under the age of 18 working on 18 city beaches. Participants’ ages ranged from 5 to 17 years old, with a mean age of 13 years. Most vendors were males (71.3%), and 94.9% attended school. The most popular foods sold were queijo coalho, acarajé, and hard-boiled quail eggs. Most vendors had poor personal hygiene, although they considered hygiene important and recognized that street foods can cause disease. Some vendors (44.7%) cleaned the utensils daily. Few vendors (13.8%) admitted they did not wash their hands, and the remainder claimed to wash their hands two to five times a day with water or seawater, but this practice was not observed in the field. The results of this study confirm the presence of child and adolescent labor in the street food informal labor sector and substantiates the risk of street foods to consumers’ health due to vendors’ ignorance of hygiene principles.


INTRODUCTION
Street food vending has become a worldwide survival strategy for socially excluded groups because it attenuates the main structural issues affecting those living in urban areas by helping to increase employment, ensure income, reduce poverty, and improve quality of life 1,2,3 .
In this setting, children preparing or selling foods on the streets of metropolitan areas represent one of the most important and noticeable groups of child workers 4 , despite the illegality of child and adolescent labor in many countries.
Brazil has laws, policies, and government and non-government social programs 5 that establish a minimum age for employment and protect the rights of children and adolescents 6,7 , but children are still very vulnerable to child labor.According to the National Household Sample Survey -PNAD 8 , Brazil had approximately 5.1 million children and adolescents aged five to seventeen years old engaging in economic activities in 2006, more than 237,000 of whom were five to nine years old.
In the country's northeast region, regional poverty forces 1.9 million children and adolescents to work 8 , and most enter the labor market at a young age to increase family income.
On the other hand, the market dynamics of the southeast region stimulates children and adolescents' desire to consume, encouraging them to work 9 .
Information on child and adolescent labor in Brazil does not describe this informal, food-related employment sector, including the work of minors participating in the production chain of street food.
In Bahia, the number of working children exceeds 500 thousand, and in the city of Salvador and its surrounding metropolitan region, approximately 55 thousand children work 8 .Although the participation of children in informal street food vending is historic and well known, the number of studies on the subject is inadequate 10,11 .The main promoters of child employment are poverty and a market structure that facilitates the entrance of children and adolescents into the labor market 12 .Hence, the concurrence of poverty and the opportunity to make money selling street food in families and without participating in a formal payment system 13 are associated with child labor.
From this perspective, the work performed by children and adolescents in the informal food market not only infringes upon the rights socially constituted by the Brazilian legal system and international human rights organizations 14,15 but also increases the risk of unsafe street foods due to child and adolescent vendors' ignorance with regards to proper food handling and preservation techniques.
Considering the dynamic of street food trade, which employs children and adolescents, it should be noted that it is important to think about inter-sectorial articulation of health services firmly committed to promoting children's rights, actions to protect them and discussions about child labor and its impact on health.
At the same time, as suggested by Leal and Teixeira 16 the sanitary surveillance needs to better understand informal food trade and street food as a complex phenomenon.In this way, the establishment of a space for reflection and discussion about food and nutritional security, food safety and work organization in a dynamic intricate environment is essential to obtain successful experiences.
Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the reality of the children and adolescents who sell street foods on the beaches of Salvador, Bahia, by uncovering the social, economic, and sanitary aspects of their work.

METHOD
This was a cross-sectional and exploratory quantitative study conducted from October 2008 to May 2009 on the beaches of Salvador, Bahia.This study is part of the "Street food and child labor: uncovering the reality behind the beaches of Salvador-BA and the search for food security and social inclusion" project.
Given the absence of data on child labor in the informal food market of urban areas, the sample size was calculated based on an 8.7% prevalence of child labor reported by the National Household Sample Survey 15 , which includes all types of child labor for children aged five to seventeen years old from the metropolitan region of Salvador.Using an error rate of 3.0% and a critical α of 0.05, the sample should have consisted of 340 vendors.Given that the ideal sample size could not be reached, the available sample size was tested using the software Stata version 12.0 to determine its power, assuming that 50% of the entire population of working children of Salvador are street food vendors and keeping α unchanged.
Data were collected on 18 municipal beaches where various food products were sold.The vendors were recruited using itinerant sampling 17 .Street food vendors were defined as food vendors who worked in public places and sold ready to eat foods, that is, foods that did not require further preparation, as defined by the World Health Organization 18  The municipal beaches were identified by their established borders and names.Data were collected in areas with many vendors and potential buyers.
Data collection relied on a semi-structured questionnaire previously tested in a pilot trial.The questions asked were grouped into the following categories: demographic characteristics; socioeconomic characteristics; food profile, acquisition, and storage; sanitary characteristics; and vendor's opinion.Questionnaires were filled out by supervised, trained interviewers.
Visual inspection-related questions were collected through direct observation, and data-related questions were answered by interviewing the vendor.The questionnaires were administered after the participant's guardian signed an informed consent form (when a guardian was present) or after the minor agreed to participate in the study (when a guardian was not present).
The study followed the determinations of Resolution no.

RESULTS
Of the 307 child and adolescent vendors approached by interviewers, 275 participated in the study, resulting in a response rate of 89.6% and 79.6%, respectively, of the sample needed to provide sufficient statistical power based on child labor prevalence rates in Brazil.Reasons vendors refused to participate in the study included the vendor's or guardian's fear of questioning, the failure to understand the study objectives, and the lack of time, which was often perceived as an excuse used by vendors because of their fearful facial expressions.

Vendors' identification and socioeconomic characteristics
Table shows the demographic, social, economic, and work characteristics of the child and adolescent vendors.
Most vendors were male (p = 0.000).Some vendors entered the labor market very early, as young as five years of age.The ages of the youngest male and female vendors did not differ.Nearly all vendors were students.All school dropouts were between the ages of 13 to 17 years old.Most participants (63.2%) received financial aid from government social programs.
Most vendors worked on a single beach, and some worked on more than one beach or at other locations.The vendors worked many hours a day, and the mean duration of employment exceeded two years suggesting that these children and adolescents tended to remain in street food vending.
Generally, the participants worked day shifts on weekends, but a significant percentage also worked day shifts on weekdays.Most respondents were boys (69.2%) who worked for their parents (38.5%) or third parties (48.7%).
The mean age of self-employed children and adolescents was higher (14.37 years) than that of children and adolescents who worked for their parents, guardians, or others.According to a complementary test that measured the association between age and work status, adolescents were usually self-employed (p = 0.000).This was not found to be the case for children.
The vendors had a mean gross income of R$ 43.23/day (US$ 21.26/day) selling street food on beaches.However, adolescents made more than children (p = 0.001) because they usually sold more profitable foods.Nearly half of the vendors (48.9%) shared their income with their parents, 26.6% kept all of it, 15.0% shared it with another family member, and 9.5% shared it with other third parties.
Most vendors sold street foods to increase family income (Figure 1).

Food profile, acquisition, and storage
About one-fifth (21.1%) of the interviewees had food stalls and usually sold acarajé (a dish made from peeled beans and

Sanitary characteristics
Figure 3 shows vendor hygiene-related information.Visual inspection indicated that the vendors took very few hygienic precautions.Moreover, when vendors did take hygienic measures (especially personal) to avoid food contamination or preserve consumer health, they did so primarily to increase sales because consumers are less likely to buy from vendors with visibly poor hygiene.
Of the vendors who used utensils, 44.7% claimed to clean them once a day, 12.6% cleaned them twice a day, and 3.8% cleaned them three or more times a day.However, not one vendor was seen cleaning utensils during the interviews.
Thirty-two percent of the vendors claimed to wash their hands up to twice a day, 37.5% washed their hands from three to five times a day, and 16.7% washed their hands more than five times a day; 13.8% admitted they did not wash their hands while working on the beach.Of those who washed their hands on the beach, 83.9% used faucets available in snack shacks and 12.4% used seawater.
Based on visual inspection, 44.5% of the vendors had poor or very poor hygiene.

Vendors' opinion
Although the results show that street foods sold by children and adolescents are unhygienic, 99.3% of the vendors consider personal hygiene critical.Additionally, 69.3% of the vendors believe that street food may cause foodborne illness.
Regarding the social aspect of their work, 94.5% of the vendors said they enjoyed selling foods on the beach, and 67.2% said the work was gratifying, despite the poor work conditions.However, when asked what they would like to be doing instead of working at the time of the interview, 66.9% said they would prefer to be participating in a leisure activity.To have an occupation 19.3% Increase family income 52.3%Independence 25.1% Main income source 3.3%

DISCUSSION
In Salvador-BA, the interaction between street food and child labor is part of the city's everyday life.Young vendors and helpers are frequently seen working in street markets, at traffic lights, and in particular, on beaches 10 .
Therefore, the complexity of the street food informal labor sector, the insufficient amount of public measures for the sector, and the relationship between this sector and child labor and food safety confirm the importance of characterizing this segment from the viewpoint of child and adolescent labor.
A study on the current status of child labor in Brazil 19 and another study identifying the negative and positive aspects of child labor in Peru 20 also found that the majority of child laborers were males.
These findings may be the result of traditional gender roles: generally girls stay at home doing chores or working in other people's homes, and boys perform other types of work outside the home 21 .
The very young age of some working children is confirmed by another study on child labor that found the street markets of Salvador employ children as young as five years of age 11 .
Food peddling is one of the main activities in urban areas, and child and adolescent peddlers are exposed to numerous risks, often performing jobs incompatible with their ages.Some physical health risks include lifting and carrying heavy objects and excessive exposure to sunlight, heat, and humidity.These activities may cause fatigue and muscle pain, among other physical health consequences 19 .
Most study vendors received financial aid from government social programs that require them to attend school.Although this aid may increase school attendance, it did not prevent them from working on the beach, a place not examined by social workers responsible for child and adolescent protection.
Even though most vendors work on a single beach, they work many hours a day, which not only wears them down physically and mentally 19 but also compromises the quality of the foods because the foods are exposed to sunlight and/or heat for more hours than recommended 22,23 .Additionally, the mean duration of employment in excess of two years suggests that these vendors continue selling street food for extended periods of time.
Most workers worked day shifts on weekends because the beaches are busiest at this time, but many also worked day shifts on weekdays.
Child and adolescent street food vendors may or may not be self-employed 13,24 .On the beaches of Salvador-BA, some work for their immediate family, some for other employers (extended family members, stall owners, or acarajé cooks), and some are self-employed.Given that the vendors' guardians were often street food vendors and earned little income themselves 25 , the additional income provided by the young vendors helped to pay household bills.Most young vendors who participated in this study reported giving part or all of their income to their parents.
Thus, the acceptance of child and adolescent labor in the street food segment enables parents and guardians to increase the number of working family members, thereby increasing family income.This is especially the case among less favored social groups.However, the opportunity provided to the family by the employment of children and adolescents 4,10 strongly opposes internationally established human rights 7,26 .
Vendors who reported working to have an occupation tended to reproduce the positive family discourse about work, that is, in addition to financial issues, working children and adolescents did not challenge the philosophic motivation associated with the positivity of working 27,28 .
These results are reinforced by Rizzini 29 who affirms:   From this perspective, the poor hygiene of child and adolescent vendors does not differ much from the poor hygiene of adult vendors, even though adults are more capable of learning correct food handling techniques 22,30,31 compared to children and adolescents, who are too young to work and have limited knowledge on the requirements of safe food sales.
Based on visual inspections on the beach, the study vendors' hygiene was considered poor or very poor, a reality confirmed by other studies 23,32,33 that also found poor vendor hygiene and inappropriate work conditions.
Poor transportation conditions, vendor hygiene, and long work hours directly affect the safety of the foods.In particular, long work hours lengthen the exposure of foods to unfavorable conditions, such as heat, and physical and microbial contamination.
Given the diversity and nutritional composition of street foods for sale (Figure 2), homemade foods pose greater risk, although commercial foods are also dangerous under these conditions.
Because vendors share their parents' view of the dignifying nature of work, they tend to accept work as a family commitment 20,27 .Thus, it is possible that the acceptance and conformity seen in the study by children and adolescents was related to the fear of becoming criminals because families tend to see early employment as a means of organizing their children's time.By not letting children and adolescents loiter, parents believe they are keeping their children away from the certain social dangers.
Additionally, as described by Souza and Lage 34 , the conviviality of beach-goers may increase the pleasure these children experience while working, and beaches promote a more direct and intense interaction between leisure and work.Thus, these children experience pleasure while working, a condition that leads to a positive attitude towards work in food vending.
On the other hand, because the majority of vendors declared the desire to participate in leisure activities during the working period, this study both confirms and provides a contrast of the traditional perspective towards labor within this age group.

CONCLUSION
This study characterized the work reality of child and adolescent street food venders from the beaches of Salvador-BA, uncovering the social, economic, and sanitary aspects of their work.In conclusion, most vendors are males; work long hours, mainly on weekends; became street food vendors to increase family income; and sell processed foodshomemade more than commercial.They do not observe proper food handling techniques, placing consumer's health at risk.Although most vendors admitted to liking or getting satisfaction from their work, many expressed the desire to be doing something else, especially leisure activities.
The street food segment represents a challenge for sanitary surveillance, since this sector with its consumers, products, production process and work organization establishes a difficult environment to control.In face of this scenario, the realization of interdisciplinary practices could provide successful experiences of surveillance and prevention of child labor, including, but not limited to, services and health practices.
A large number of study children and adolescents began selling street food on Salvador's beaches at a young age.This not only signals child labor, which is illegal and may compromise the physical and mental development of these youth, but it also increases consumer health risks due to the vendors' ignorance of food preservation techniques and hygiene principles.
. Participant ages were classified as recommended by the Brazilian Statute of Children and Adolescents, which defines children as individuals aged 0-11 years and adolescents as individuals aged 12-18 years 7 .
196/96 issued by the National Health Council.It was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Bahia's (UFBA) Maternity Hospital Climério de Oliveira, located in Salvador, under protocol number 14/2008, and by Salvador's Municipal Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents (198th Regular Meeting held on June 18, 2008).The data and variables were descriptively analyzed using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) -version 20.0.Pearson's chi-square test was used to analyze associations, and the chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to compare proportions.Student's t-test was used to compare means of the independent groups.Probability levels were set at 0.05 for all statistical analyses.

Figure 2 .Figure 1 .
Figure 2. Foods sold by number of child and adolescent vendors on the beaches of Salvador, Brazil.2008-2009.
this age group, individual factors, such as having their own money, being more independent, and having an occupation or skill, add to cultural factors, such as the fact that poor people's children have to work or that working teaches discipline, and to socioeconomic factors, such as the need of contributing to family income.The unfavorable street food vending conditions witnessed by the present study are similar to those described by Omemu and Aderoju 30 in a study unveiling the practices of adult food vendors from the city of Abeokuta, Nigeria.The authors found poor storage conditions and

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Personal hygiene characteristics of child and adolescent street food vendors from the beaches of Salvador, Brazil.2008-2009.

Table .
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of child and adolescent street food vendors and their work on the beaches of Salvador, Brazil.2008-2009.